shanghaiyidong—中国太保股票

史前文明[Editor] prehistoric civilization.

上海最早只有西部一带是陆地,但是这并不妨碍先民们的到来。Shanghai is the first to the western land area, but this will not hinder the arrival of the settlers. 根据现有的考古成果,上海最早的文明是马家浜文化(距今6000年)。According to the existing archaeological achievements, won the race in Shanghai is the earliest civilized culture (since 6000). 接着是嵩泽文化(据今5500年),2004年春季的青浦嵩泽文化墓葬考古发掘中[1],发现了上海最早的人类遗骸。Followed Songze Culture (According to this 5500), Spring 2004 archaeological excavation of the tombs were Qingpu Songze Culture [1]. The earliest human remains found in Shanghai. 然后是良渚文化(距今4200年),它的晚期已经相当发达,以玉器最为著名。Then Liangzhu Culture (since 4200), which has a well-developed advanced to the most famous jade. 马家浜-嵩泽-良诸文化,有着传承的关系。Ma won-song Ze-liang various cultures have inheritance relations. 良诸文化已经到了原始社会的晚期。- All culture has advanced to a primitive society. 良渚文化衰亡得很快,衰落原因假说目前主要有:一、洪水说;二、发展受阻或遭受入侵说。Liangzhu culture decline rapidly, the reasons for the decline of the main hypotheses : 1 Flood said. Second, the delay or that the invasion.

最后是马桥文化(距今3200年)。Finally, Ma culture (since 3200). 这种文化的出土文物较良诸文化相比,数量和质量都下降了,而且文化风格上更加受到闽江流域考古文化以和山东岳石文化(东夷)的影响。This culture of various cultural relics than good compared to a decline in both quantity and quality. Minjiang River valley culture and style have become more archaeological cultures and Shandong Yueshi Culture (Dongyi) impact.

值得注意的是,1999年,专家在松江的考古中发现了广富林文化,据近期研究[2]这是一个来自中原的人群,大约在距今4000年前到达了太湖流域,并在随后的几百年内渐渐融入当地而消失。It is worth noting that in 1999, the experts found in a wide Address Songjiang archaeological culture, according to a recent study [2] This is from China's population, since about 4000 before arriving in the Taihu Lake Basin, and local integration in the next several years and gradually disappear.

相关年代参考:夏(距今约4100年-3700年);商:(距今约3700年-3150年);西周:(距今约3150年-2850年)Reference : age-related summer (or about 4100 -3700); Business : (or about 3700 -3150); : Western Zhou Dynasty (3150 -2850, or about)

[编辑]东周至唐[Editor broke his arrest]

上海春秋属吴,越灭吴,转属越。Shanghai Chunqiu is Miss Vietnam Miewu, transfer to Vietnam. 战国,楚灭越,又入楚。Warring States, more about defense and into the clear. 楚国时,上海在内的江南一带又成为了战国四公子之一的春申君黄歇的封地,据说上海的另称“申城”,就是源自春申君的“申”字。Chu, the Shanghai Jiangnan area has become one of the Warring States in the fourth son of the manor Chunshenjun Huang Michigan. Another reportedly said Shanghai "Shanghai" is derived from Chunshenjun "bid."

秦在今天的上海西南地区置海盐县。Qin Haiyan home in the southwestern region of Shanghai.

[编辑]宋元[Editor] Song and Yuan Dynasties

[编辑]明[Editor] tomorrow

主条目:上海历史 (明朝)Main entries : Shanghai history (Ming)

[编辑]清朝初期[Editor] early Qing Dynasty

主条目:上海历史 (清朝初期)Main entries : Shanghai history (the early Qing Dynasty)

[编辑]晚清时期Late Qing [editor]

[编辑]鸦片战争[Editor] Opium War

1842年8月29日,中英《南京条约》在南京签订,规定除原有的广州口岸外,新开辟上海、宁波、福州、厦门四处为对外通商口岸(简称“五口通商”),供英国侨民前去居住、经商。August 29, 1842, the Sino-British "Nanjing Treaty," signed in Nanjing, Guangzhou, in addition to the original port, the newly opened Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen everywhere external port ( "Five 1842-1858") paying for British nationals living and doing business.

[编辑]开埠初期(1853年以前)[Editor] early days (before 1853)

主条目:上海历史 (晚清时期)Main entries : Shanghai history (the late Qing Dynasty)

上海开埠:1843年11月17日,首任英国驻沪领事巴富尔抵达上海到任,标志上海正式开埠。Shanghai city : November 17, 1843, the first British consul in Shanghai, arrived in Shanghai Baffour arrival Shanghai city official signs. 当年从广东来了最早的一批英国洋行:怡和洋行、宝顺洋行、和记洋行等,他们发现上海是五口中最靠近丝绸和茶叶产地的一个港口,看好它的发展前景。Guangdong to their first year of British firms : Jardine Matheson group of close-knit family firms, and firms in mind. They discovered that Shanghai is five silk and tea closest to the mouth of the port of origin, it is optimistic about the development prospects. 划给他们经商居住的地段是县城以北黄浦江西岸,从洋泾浜(延安东路)向北到李家庄(北京东路)的一片荒滩——外滩,不久,沿着江边供纤夫拉纤的泥泞的道路旁,建成了最初的一批洋行建筑,一般为2层外廊式建筑。The lots, zoned for their business or residence Huangpu River north of the West Bank town. From Pidgin (Huangpu) north of Lijiazhuang (Beijing East Road), a piece of wasteland -- the Bund and soon. MFA MFA Gohitafla the mud along the riverbanks for the road, and built the first batch of construction firms, the general architecture for the two floors Gallery. 李家庄以北到苏州河的地块上则建起了英国领事馆。Lijiazhuang north of the Suzhou Creek were built on land at the British Consulate. 1843年,也有伦敦会的英国传教士进入上海。1843, London's British missionaries in Shanghai.

英租界:中国方面希望根据以往的惯例,实行华洋隔离居住的政策,于是在1845年11月29日,由上海道台和英国驻沪领事共同商定了第一次土地章程(也称“地皮章程”)。Britain : China hopes that the concession in accordance with previous practice, implementing the policy expatriates living in isolation, so in 1845 November 29, Road from Shanghai to Taiwan and the United Kingdom agreed in Shanghai consular the first charter land (also known as "land charter"). 这份土地章程被视为上海租界存在和运作的依据法理。This land Constitution as a legal basis for the existence and functioning of the Shanghai concession. 次年,在上海的英国侨民成立了自治机构——道路码头委员会,并修筑界路(河南中路)以明确租界的西部界限。The following year, the British expatriates in Shanghai set up a self-governing institutions -- Pier Road, Road and the construction sector (Henan midway), a clear concession to the western limit. 上海开埠初期,英租界内严格实行华洋分居,界内只有少数世居此地的中国农民,英美等外国侨民约300人。Shanghai early days, the British concession strictly along with her profession whose family has lived here only a few Chinese farmers About 300 British and other foreign nationals. 界内修筑成方格形的道路网。The construction sector into a box-shaped road network.

青浦教案与英租界的第一次扩展:1848年,伦敦会的英国传教士前往青浦县传教,引起纠纷。Qingpu templates with the first expansion of the British concession in 1848 : London, the British missionaries to preach in Qingpu County, disputes. 作为补偿,11月27日,英租界第一次扩充,西界从界路(河南中路)扩充至周泾浜(今西藏路),面积也相应扩展到2800多亩。As compensation, November 27, the first British concession expansion industry sector from the West Road (Henan midway) expansion heaven Analyzing Pidgin (the Tibet road), there has been a corresponding expansion of the area of 2,800 mu.

美国人进入上海:1844年,中美《望厦条约》签订,内容参照了中英《南京条约》。Americans in Shanghai : 1844, the United States signed the "Wangxia Treaty", a reference to the contents of the Sino-British "Nanjing Treaty." 此后,美国的传教士和商人也开始前来上海。Subsequently, the United States began the missionaries and businessmen have come to Shanghai. 19世纪美国在上海最著名的商业机构是旗昌洋行。19th century American flag in Shanghai is the most famous commercial Edward Keller. 由于传教士的目的是向中国居民传教,所以他们并不聚居在租界,而是分散居住在县城的各个角落。Since the purpose of missionaries to preach to the Chinese people, they do not live in the concession. Instead, scattered in every corner of town. 1848年,上海地方官府同意美国圣公会主教文惠廉的请求,允许美国侨民在虹口开辟租界,但并未正式划定界限。1848, a local government, the United States agreed to the request of the Anglican Bishop William, Hongkou nationals in the United States be allowed to open up concessions, but not formally demarcated. 上海开埠初期,虹口美国租界由于有苏州河的阻隔,甚为荒凉,只在江边建成少数的船坞、码头,和为水手们服务的娱乐场所。Shanghai early days, Hongkou concession because the United States cut off the Suzhou River, very bleak, only a handful of shipyards built in the riverside. Terminal services and entertainment for our sailors.

开辟法租界:1844年10月,中法《黄埔条约》签订。: French concession opened in October 1844, France signed the "Treaty of Whampoa". 1848年,法国领事开始驻扎上海。1848, the French Consulate General in Shanghai began stationed. 1849年4月6日,上海道台宣布将紧邻县城北门外,北到洋泾浜的986亩土地辟为法租界。April 6, 1849, Shanghai, Taiwan announced that it will close County Road North outside, Pidgin north to the 986 acres of land into the French concession. 不过,法国来华经商的商人始终寥寥可数。However, the French businessmen doing business in China has very few. 因此,开埠初期的法租界虽然拥有良好的区位条件,却几乎没有什么开发。Therefore, although the French concession of the early days to have a good geographic conditions, but almost no development. 只在江边有一两个法国的洋行,法国领事馆寄居在天主教会的一处中国式平房内(四川南路),县城北门外的小街上(河南南路)有两排中国人的房屋。In France, the bank has only 12 firms. French Consulate housed in a Chinese-style cottage in the Catholic Church (Sichuan South). North streets outside the small town (Henan South) two rows of Chinese housing. 其他地方则仍然保持着乡村本色。Elsewhere, still maintains a rural character.

开辟徐家汇教会区:与之相比,来自法国的天主教传教机构则显得相当庞大。Open Xujiahui Church : compared with the French Catholic missionary organization is substantial. 耶稣会早在上海开埠之前的1842年,就已经秘密潜入上海附近的乡村。Before long history of the Jesuits in 1842 in Shanghai, Shanghai had secretly infiltrated into the nearby villages. 1847年,他们选中上海郊外的村庄徐家汇建立江南传教区的总部,此后在附近地段陆续建成包括大、小男修道院,2所女修道院(拯亡会和圣衣会),藏书楼,气象台,土山湾印书馆,男子中学,女子中学,育婴堂等数十个教会机构,形成一大片教会区。In 1847, they selected villages in the suburbs of Shanghai Jiangnan establishment of the Missionaries of Xujiahui District Headquarters After coming on in the vicinity, including large lots, small abbot, 2 Convent (Democratic People's death and Sheng Yi). Library, weather, soil Gulf Yinshuguan men School, School, who bestowed dozens of churches and other institutions. the formation of a large metropolitan area. 以此为基地,将教务开展到江苏、安徽2省。As a base to carry out academic Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. 1851年建立了一座公用的中型教堂圣依纳爵座堂,外形属于希腊风格,可能是中国第一所西式教堂。1851 establishing a common medium according to the church of St. Ignatius Cathedral, shape belonging to the Greek style, China may be the first Western churches. 教堂以耶稣会的创始人依纳爵命名。Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ according to Ignatius named. [1][1]

[编辑]上海租界形成国中之国[Editor] Shanghai Concessions formed a country within a country

小刀会起义:1853年9月7日,活跃于广东和福建籍水手中间的秘密会社小刀会发动起义,占领上海县城,烧毁了上海县衙和海关等处,杀了上海知县,囚禁了上海道台。Dagger Society Uprising : September 7, 1853, which is active in Guangdong and Fujian sailors will be among the secret clubs knife staged an uprising Shanghai occupied town, and discusses the burning of the Shanghai Customs and other places, killing a county magistrate in Shanghai, the Shanghai Road imprisoned Taiwan. 1855年2月17日,小刀会退出上海县城。February 17, 1855, will withdraw from the Shanghai Dagger county.

泥城之战:1853年3月,太平天国占领南京。Nicheng war : in March 1853, Taiping occupation of Nanjing. 4月12日,上海租界内的外国人迅速做出反应。April 12, the Shanghai Concessions and the foreigners to make a quick response. 在英、法、美三国领事的倡导下,召开上海租地西人大会,通过由侨民组织义勇队(上海商团)的决议,实行武装中立,以维护租界的安全。In Britain, France and the United States Consul's proposal, the General Assembly held in Shanghai rent to the West. Australia, through the Righteous Force (Shanghai commercial) resolutions, armed neutrality, in order to protect the safety of concessions. 1854年4月4日,清军企图通过租界进攻占领县城的小刀会起义军,义勇队在英、美海军的协助下以武力强行阻止清军过界,史称泥城之战。April 4, 1854, the Qing militaries through concession will rebel army knife attack in the occupied town, Militia in England, with the assistance of the United States Navy to forcibly prevent cross-boundary enormous arms, which have been called Nicheng war.

工部局成立:1854年7月11日,上海外国租地人举行大会,通过第二次土地章程,成立独立的市政机构——工部局,建立警察武装。Industry Bureau : July 11, 1854, the Shanghai Foreign rent to the General Assembly held by the second land charter -- Industry Services Bureau to set up an independent body to establish armed police.

太平天国东进对上海的影响:1860年8月17日,太平天国军队首次攻打上海。Taiping eastern Shanghai : August 17, 1860, the first attack on the Taiping army in Shanghai. 1862年1月11日,太平天国军队第二次攻打上海。January 11, 1862, the second attack on the Taiping army in Shanghai. 1862年8月 太平天国起义军第三次攻打上海。August 1862 attack on the Third Army Taiping Rebellion Shanghai.

法租界自设公董局:1862年5月1日 上海法租界公董局成立 为了保全上海法租界的独立性,法国驻沪领事爱棠宣布法租界退出工部局,代之以上海法租界公董局。Since the French concession corporation board : May 1, 1862 km board the French concession of Shanghai, the French concession of Shanghai, established to preserve the independence, France announced in the French concession of Shanghai consular love-from the Industry Council and replace it with the French concession of Shanghai, the public board.

英美租界合并:1862年11月,在沪外国商人提出将上海开辟为自由市的计划,不受制于任何国家。Concession merger in November 1862 : Britain and the United States, foreign businessmen in Shanghai will be opened for free city of Shanghai, not subject to any other country. 此项计划由各国领事报呈各国驻中国的公使,最后被各国公使以不得干涉中国内政为由驳回。This was reported by the consulates of the countries in the Chinese saying goes, the last countries not to interfere in China's internal affairs minister rejected on the grounds. 1863年9月21日,美租界与英租界正式宣布合并。September 21, 1863, the United States formally announced a joint concession with the British Concession.

1864年5月1日 《上海会审公廨》成立。May 1, 1864 "Shanghai official site examination" set up. 1869年,洋泾浜设官会审章程公布。1869, Pidgin official examination set by statute.

[编辑]租界的初步繁荣[Editor] concession of prosperity

从1860年以后,上海开始进入初步繁荣的时期。From 1860, Shanghai has begun to enter the initial period of prosperity. 随着长江和北方沿海口岸向外商的开放,上海地处长江口、居中国南北海岸线中点的区位优势日益明显,更多的外商——以英国商人为主,其次是美国商人,后来又加上欧洲大陆普鲁士、丹麦、荷兰、瑞典、比利时等国的商人,以及1871年以后的日本商人,都纷纷选择上海作为他们在中国的贸易基地,并设立了领事馆。With the Yangtze River and the northern coast ports open to foreign companies, Shanghai is located in Jiangkou. Habitat midpoint of the coastline north and south China's increasingly obvious geographical advantages, and more foreign businessmen -- Britain, Second, American businessman, then add the European continent Prussia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and other countries, businessmen, Japanese businessman in 1871 and beyond, they have chosen Shanghai as the base for trade with China. and the establishment of a consulate. 在这一时期来沪最著名的外商机构,如英资太古洋行。In this period, Shanghai's most famous foreign bodies, such as the British-owned Swire.

[编辑]19世纪末20世纪初的重要转折[Editor] an important turning point in the late 19th century and early 20th century

甲午战争:1894年,中日甲午战争爆发,上海形势也趋于紧张,碍于各国在上海的势力,日本暂对外宣布上海为中立区域,并许诺不将战火蔓延到上海。Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 : in 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the situation has become more tense in Shanghai, due to the forces of countries in Shanghai. Japan announced temporary Shanghai as a neutral region, and promised not to spread the flames of war to Shanghai. 根据战后的马关条约,外国人可以在中国开办工厂。According to the 1995 war, foreigners setting up factories in China. 此后,上海迅速发展成中国最大的工业中心。Since then, rapid growth as Shanghai, China's largest industrial center.

1899年公共租界大扩展:1893年 上海美租界正式划定1899 : the rapid expansion of the concession area in Shanghai in 1893 designated the U.S. Concessions

1900年法租界扩展:1900 : French concession extension

义和团运动期间:1900年8月17日 上海进入警备 年初爆发了义和团运动,影响不断扩大,在上海的外国势力开始组织自己的防御力量。During the Boxer Rebellion : August 17, 1900 the Boxer Rebellion broke out early into the Guard, continuously expanded, In Shanghai's foreign forces to organize their own defense force.

[编辑]中外冲突事件[Editor foreign conflicts]

四明公所事件:十九世纪七十年代后,上海法租界的发展日趋加快,对土地的需求剧增,四明公所位于法租界的边缘地段,是旅沪宁波人的同乡会兼公坟。Four events : the 19th century Ming Hall 1970s, accelerated development in the French concession of Shanghai, the surge in demand for land. four lots that hall at the edge of the French concession, the club is in Shanghai and Ningbo Public Cemetery. 1874年 ,法租界认为有碍卫生,计划将其迁出租界,原址开辟道路,于是强行收缴四明公所的地产,发生暴动,死伤数人,此后筑路一事逐搁置。In 1874, that the French concession of health hazards plans to vacate Learning to open the road

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shanghaiyidong(图1)

shanghaiyidong—中华玻璃人才

01古筝是我国最古老的弹拨乐器之一。早在春秋战国时期,它就盛行于陕西、甘肃一带,公元前237年李斯在他上书秦始皇时,曾描述了民间筝歌的生动场面:“夫击瓮叩缶,弹筝搏髀而歌乎呜呜,快耳目者,真秦之声也。”兹后,筝常常因之而被称为“秦筝”了。

筝的早期形制,据汉《风俗通》所引古音乐文献《礼.乐记》的佚文,说是“五弦筑身也”,但其时五行学说盛行,究竟是记录的原始筝制还是臆测就不得而知了。现在一般认为,筝是由早期的五弦发展为汉代的十二弦筝,进而为隋唐的十三弦筝,明代增至十四、五弦,近代才出现了十六弦筝。

近年江西贵溪春秋崖墓群出土了两张十三弦筝,这件珍贵的文物,弥补了早期文献记载的不足,它表明古筝早已传入中国南部,且其形制业已发展到了令人惊叹的水平。使我们明白了十三弦筝并非产生于十二弦筝之后,而是早就与之并存的筝制了,只不过早期的十三弦筝多用之于雅乐,称之为“颂琴”而已。

汉代早期对于真秦之声的秦筝显然是有所讳忌的,官方记载的音乐史志均未见著录。但民间酒会却往往以弹筝击缶为全部的音乐活动,后世还盛传着邯郸女子秦罗敷弹筝作《陌上桑》之歌的故事,可见西汉时秦筝在民间已经流传很广了。

早期筝的表演形式,主要是弹唱的筝歌。随着汉代相和歌的兴起,古筝艺术进入了一个全新的时代。最初由徒歌,进而为但歌,逐步发展成为六、七种丝竹乐器更相迭奏,歌手击节唱和的“相和歌”,在未歌之前和弄后有所谓“五部弦”、“六部弦”,就是弦乐合奏的前奏和间奏曲。而筝、笛则是其中的主奏乐器。汉代还有《筝笛录》的专书,记录有“胡笳”等曲目,这是筝曲器乐化的开始。而后,又由相和歌产生了纯器乐的“但曲”。 张永《元嘉正声伎录》(公元424——453)载有“但曲”七首:《广陵散》、《黄老弹》,《飞龙引》、《大胡笳鸣》、《小胡笳鸣》,《鹃鸡游弦》、《流楚窈窕》等,都是器乐合奏曲,同时也是筝独奏曲。就这些曲子来说,都不是秦声而是楚声;其结构规模,比起西汉“无要妙之音、变羽之转”的筝歌来,有了长足的进步。可以说,筝的崛起乃是随着汉代晚期相和歌的兴盛而获得飞跃发展的。

表演艺术和乐器构造性能的进步总是相互促进的。汉魏相和乐的筝,已基本定型,一个六尺长的上圆下平的琴身,上张十二条弦,高高的柱子,弦急声高,又多用骨甲代指,弹起来筝筝作响。比起声音细微的七弦琴和体积笨重的瑟来,筝更是广大群众喜闻乐见的乐器。演奏已有了“大兴小附,重发轻随”的勾搭及撮弦、促柱等手法,和今天的弹筝技巧已没有多大差异了。这时演奏的曲目,既有前代的雅曲像《驺虞》、《鹿鸣》等,又有当代民间的新声,正如《古诗十九首>>所说的:“弹筝奋逸响,新声妙如神”,秦筝以其清新美妙的音乐倾倒了无数的诗人骚客,现存古代的筝赋的作者如侯瑾、阮禹、傅玄、贾彬、顾恺之等都是汉末、魏、晋时人;弹筝的名手,除了郝索、陆太喜等民间筝手外,魏文帝、游楚、桓伊、谢仁祖、何承天等王公贵人也竞相习弹,蔚成风气。这一时期是古筝艺术史上空前兴盛发展的黄金时代。

在东晋、南北朝继相和乐而起的清商乐中,筝更广泛地用来演奏吴歌和荆楚西曲。有名的吴歌《上声歌》,就是由于筝使用了“上声促柱”的手法而得名;而《三洲》、《采莲》、《乌夜啼>>等西曲也是筝常演奏的代表性曲目。可知古筝艺术是不断吸收着民间音乐的营养而获得旺盛的生命力的。

大约在梁陈之际十三弦筝逐渐兴起,到了隋代,十三弦筝在雅乐中的地位已完全确立,但十二弦筝的传统却随着清商乐而流入隋唐燕乐,直到唐末,才因清乐的衰微而为十三弦筝所取代,而其定弦的原则,却被十三弦筝继承下来了。如唐筝中的平调调弦法,其渊源无疑是来自魏晋的清商三调的。

十三弦筝在唐代得到了充分的发展,其普及的程度,甚至使有着深厚传统的七弦琴音乐受到冷落。·弹筝名手辈出:薛琼琼、李青青、龙佐、常述本、史从、李从周,崔七等,她(他)们精妙的筝艺常为诗人们所称颂。燕乐的兴盛给秦筝艺术以更为广阔的天地,有名的大曲,《秦王破阵乐》、《霓裳羽衣曲》、〈伊州》、《凉州》等,也都曾被吸收为筝的独奏曲。开成中(公元839年)扬州崔氏女所弹的十首筝曲《迎君乐》、《槲林叹》、《秦王赏金歌》、《广陵散》、《行路难》、《上江虹》,、〈丝竹赏金歌》、《红璁影》、《思归乐》,都是二十八至四十几段的大曲;其调名有正商调、分丝调、小石调、双柱调等。《乐府杂录》说筝有宫、商、角、羽四调,临时移柱用于二十八调,从上述十首曲的调名来看,民间筝乐的调弦法还不止于此数,由此可见高度发展的唐筝水平。

唐代雅乐中也使用着筝(称为颂瑟),祖孝孙,张文收所考定的十二均旋宫之乐,使筝的旋宫性能得到进一步的系统完善。《治筝类要》中所载旋宫十二均,就是转刊的唐代古筝的旋宫方法。

唐筝丰富的宫调形式和宏大的曲子结构,堪称传统筝乐的顶峰。随着频繁的文化交流,唐筝远传至边陲域外;其绪余下及宋代。影响所至,甚至北宋的琴瑟调品也在借用着筝的调弦方法而弹奏操弄的,这曾使得当时的雅乐家房庶为之感慨不已。南宋经五代、靖康战乱,唐代的许多传统音乐都已散亡,但宫廷燕乐中还有筝独弹,领奏、合奏等多种形式,只此可见唐筝影响之一斑。

明代筝制已增至十四、五弦,音域有了进一步的扩大,只是由于复古思想的影响,筝被看作俗乐,乐人的地位低下,教坊乐户、歌伎伶人,每被官府传唤以筝歌侑觞,如江宁教坊的李节,善弹筝唱歌,受到作曲家和文人的赏识、算是其中的佼佼者了。 士大夫既不屑为之,弹筝艺人仅靠口授心传,又无力刊刻筝谱,在集诺之风最盛的明清五百余年间,竟无一部筝谱传世,由于没有这个桥梁,至使前代不少筝乐传统,日渐消亡,古曲目及多种定弦的方式,大都未能流传下来。

元明戏曲说唱音乐的发展对筝乐有着很大的影响。明代中叶北方流行一种以筝、琵琶、三弦等乐器合奏与伴唱的“弦索”,其曲目有北词清弹六十余套。这种传统表演方式,后来一直沿传到近代。值得注意的是周亮工《书影》中详细记录了公元1506—1624年间三种不同的筝歌艺术:明武宗时教坊乐人梁三姑,弹筝独步一时,她的表演,唱词间夹有说白,更便于敷演故事情节。弹奏时“洪往舒归,鲸骇鸾续,更时时罕折柱状,已若风雾烟雨、共冷冷也”,她高超的技艺有着极为强烈的艺术效果和感染力量。稍晚些时的田玉环,不是梁氏一派,她的筝艺更多受到姑苏、太仓的琵琶和仪征、扬州的陈隋古调的影响,表演时演唱重于弹奏;刘弱弹筝则干脆唱起甘州、桐城诸歌,如北风凄劲、戌土秋怀,正是秦筝慷慨悲歌的遗意。而他的演奏“连丝并拨,雨霰惊飞”,也有着很高的水平。据周亮工的见闻,明代末年再也见不到这样的绝艺了。

秦筝自早年传入中原,赵、郑、楚、吴相继流行,后来,随着客家人的三次大迁陟,秦筝又传至闽、粤。古筝艺术的花朵,遂遍及全国各地。流传至各地的筝乐,由于地理环境、气候、民俗、方言等因素长期的影响,并与当地民间音乐互相吸收融合,逐渐形成了不同的地方风格,在近代发展成为不同的流派。 最著名的有河南、山东、潮州、客家、浙江等几大流派,其渊源都可以上溯到清代。这些流派不但具有着各不相同的代表性曲目,有着各具特色的音韵特点和演奏风格;有些在记谱上也有独具的谱式,如山东的花字工尺谱,潮州的二四谱,这使源远流长的古筝传统艺术更为绚丽多彩。

这些流派的曲目由于历史的和整理记录的条件不同而多寡不一,如中州古调有六十余首,汉阜古谱有四十余首、齐鲁花字工尺谱二十首、武林筝曲十首等。这批珍贵的遗产,是有着两千多年历史的古筝艺术的结晶,它不但是我国古筝艺术的宝贵遗产,也是世界人民共同的文化财富

shanghaiyidong(图2)